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| HYMENOPTERA, Aphidiinae:
  Braconidae (Ichneumonoidea) --  <Images> & <Juveniles>     Aphidiinae Description & Statistics             The Aphidiinae are a subfamily of parasitic wasps that have aphids as their
  hosts. The larva of Praon sp. exits from the hollowed shell of the
  aphid to pupate in a cocoon, but most Aphidiinae pupate inside the dead
  aphid.  Some species have been
  deployed for biological control  of aphids               Although they have been considered
  as a separate family, the Aphidiinae, they are now grouped with the
  Braconidae.  Their relationship to
  other braconid subfamilies is not presently known.           Aphidiinae is a cosmopolitan subfamily
  with about 40 genera and 808 species known as of 2010.  Diagnostic characters are their filiform
  antennae that is rarely moniliform; a transverse clypeus with long setae; the
  gaster is rounded lanceolate and the terga 2 & 3 not fused.  There is one recurrent vein in the
  forewing.  Females are mostly lighter
  in color than males.  Aphidiinae are primary, solitary endoparasitoids of aphids.  Adults oviposit in aphid nymphs where the
  parasitoids develop, pupating inside the aphid mummy or beneath it.  Aphidiids have been deployed in biological
  pest control.   = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =   References:   Please refer
  to  <biology.ref.htm>, [Additional
  references may be found at:  MELVYL
  Library]   Belshaw, R. & D. L. J. Quicke.  1997. A Molecular Phylogeny of the
  Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and
  Evolution 7(3): 281-293.   Marsh, P. 
  1971.  Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.
  64:  841-50.   Schlinger, I. & J. Hall.  1960. 
  Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 53: 
  404-15.   Shi, Min & Xue-Xin Chen.  2005. Molecular phylogeny of the Aphidiinae
  (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) based on DNA sequences of 16S rRNA, 18S rDNA and
  ATPase 6 genes. Eur. J. Entomol. 102: 133-138.   Stary,
  P.  1960.  Acta Ent. Soc. Cech. 57: 
  238-52.   Stary,
  P.  1970.  Biology of Aphid
  Parasites with Respect to Integrated Control.  Junk Publ., The Hague, Netherlands.  643 p.   |